My Uncle Tom, Dad, Joe Kinsinger, Uncle Frank, Aunt Betty, Uncle Ed, Uncle Vinnie, Uncle Mike, Aunt Dolores and Uncle Ray in 1944.

 

My Grandfather, Francis Hillanbrand, with my Great, great, grandfather, Thomas Francis, in front of his home at 147 Hermitage Street, in Philadelphia, in 1901.

Corporal George Zernhelt

Artist rendering of Salisbury Prison Hospital

George Zernhelt was born in 1839 and by 1860, he had come to live with his sister, Magdalena and brother-in-law, Francis Hillanbrand in their home, according to the 1860 census. His occupation at this time was listed of that of moulder. Of course, the Civil War was right around the corner, so George had enlisted into Company E, 55th Regiment of the Pennsylvania Volunteers, which was recruited out of Schuylkill County. He had mustered into service on December 2, 1861. George was 5 foot, 6 inches tall, with blue eyes, dark complexion and dark hair. He must have demonstrated himself during the war, for he was promoted to Corporal on January 5th, 1864. The following, from Bates History of the Civil War, details what would become of George during the end of the war.

"During the night of September 28, 1864, the 55th regiment crossed the James River and marched to participate in the attack about to be made, by the Army of the James, upon Chapin's Bluff. The capture of Fort Harrison was effected on the morning of the following day, but the 55th being held in support of the attacking troops, did not become engaged. In the afternoon it was determined to carry the works beyond, and at 4 o'clock, Colonel Jourdan, in command of the brigade, ordered the 55th to charge, and take a redoubt in the enemy's second line. The 158th New York was deployed to support it, by advancing through the woods on the left, and the 148th New York, to act as skirmishers on the right. The 55th advanced over the open ground in front, a quarter of a mile, under a concentrated fire from three redoubts, supported by a heavy body of infantry. Bravely stemming a torrent of shot, and deadly minnie balls, it moved steadily on, and reached a point within 20 yards of the work, when, its ranks almost annihilated, and supports failing to come up, it was forced to fall back, leaving the dead and most of the wounded upon the field, to fall into the hands of the enemy. Of 5 officers and 150 enlisted men who marched at the word of command, 3 officers and 78 enlisted men were either killed, wounded or missing."

The following facts of memorandum was collected regarding Prisoner Of War Records: George had been captured at Laurel Hill, near Chapins Farm, Virginia on September 30, 1864. He was later confined at Richmond, Virginia, September 30, 1864, then transported to Salisbury Confederate Prison, in North Carolina on October 9th  1864. The real misery for the prisoners at the Salisbury Confederate Prison began in the fall of 1864. The Prison compound designed for 2,500 men was forced to handle four times that many. Due to the Union Naval blockade there was a shortage of medicine and medical supplies which resulted in terrible suffering of the prisoners and needless deaths. Throughout the South there was a shortage of food and the Prison was no exception. Eventually, all the buildings were taken over for hospital use, and the men were forced to seek shelter that cold, wet winter under the buildings, in overcrowded tents, and in burrows dug into the hard red soil. The death rate that had been only 2% before October 1864 skyrocketed to 28%.

Recently captured soldiers and transferred prisoners from other areas increased the number held at the Salisbury Prison to 5,000 by October 1864. Ten thousand men were crowded into the stockade by November and conditions began to change dramatically. Burials before the overcrowding had been in coffins and in separate graves. Records exist that indicate military burial services were even given. However, due to the large number of men dying daily after October 1864 a mass burial system was initiated. The bodies were collected daily and taken to the “dead house” to be counted and loaded onto a one-horse wagon. At 2:00 PM each day this wagon of the dead would be taken about ¼ mile to an abandoned cornfield where the men were buried. Eighteen trenches of approximately 240 feet each were eventually needed.

Salisbury National Cemetery

George would never again see his family. He was admitted to the prison hospital on January 10th, 1865, wherein he later died January 16th, 1865 of debility. He is among those buried in one of the sacred trenches with thousands of his brother soldiers.

Bibliography

Bates, Samuel P. (1902). History of the Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861-65.

Salisbury Confederate Prison Association (2010). Prison History. Retrieved from http://www.salisburyprison.org/PrisonHistory.htm

Franz meets Magdalena Zernhelt

As Franz Hillanbrand acclomated himself to the region, he took up residence in Pottsville, PA. We know through the Recorder of Deeds Office of Schuylkill County that he had purchased two residences in town located at 60 Market Street and 66 Norwegian Street. Unfortunately, Franz lost both homes do to a fire and with no insurance, he was in debt for the rest of his life. On July 22, 1851, Franz married Magdalena B. Zernhelt in the St. John the Baptist Church, pictured in this article. Magdalena was the fourth child of Francis Anthony and Gertrude (Holzmann) Zernhelt. Originally from the Alsace-Lorraine region, the Zernhelt family were of German descent. Anthony and Gertrude had five children, three (Mary, Anthony and Enos) were born in Germany and two (Magdalena and George) were born in America. So, as far as the Hillanbrand family, Magdalena was the first ancestor born on American soil on June 18th, 1833.

A very short synopsis of the Zernhelt family is as follows: the oldest child of Anthony and Gertrude was Mary. Mary married a carpenter, by the name of Placidus Hasenauer of Pottsville and they had eleven children. Placidus, a native of Oberbimbach, Germany, was one of the original congregants of the St. John the Baptist Church in Pottsville. The next child of Anthony and Gertrude was Anthony. Anthony married Magdelena Swerity and through this union, they had nine children. Anthony was a shoemaker, but unfortunately, he had died suddenly, before his last child was born. His widow, Magdalena, survived him by forty-four years. The third child of Anthony and Gertrude born in 1827 was Enos. I have been unable to extract many records as to what became of Enos, although I know he survived his father, in 1870. The last son of Anthony and Gertrude was George. He was born in Pottsville in 1839. George lived with his sister Magdalena, before he enlisted in the Civil War. I will dedicate a separate article on George in a later post.

During the Civil War, Franz Hillanbrand enlisted in the Pennsylvania State Militia during the South's incursion into Pennsylvania. He was a Private in the U.S. Army, 19th Regiment, P.S.M. This unit was formed quickly, because of Lee's aggression in Gettysburg. The Governor of Pennsylvania asked for volunteers to prevent a further push into Pennsylvania by the Confederate Army. After the war, Franz Hillanbrand left his position at the Bulls Head Colliery to work at the Potts colliery, at Wolf Creek, near Minersville, Schuylkill County, where he worked for sixteen years, or until 1870. He then moved to Ashland, Schuylkill county, and worked at the Tunnel colliery, for two years, coming to Mahanoy Plane in 1872, and working as engineer there up to 1893, until a couple of months prior to his death on October 14, 1893.

A New World

Franz Hillenbrand was one of many emigrants making their passage across the Atlantic. A contemporary newspaper reports that, "Upwards of 6000 German Emigrants have, within the last fortnight, passed through Cologne, on their way to Bremen, Havre, and Antwerp, where they will take their departure for America. The greater part of them seemed to be rather well off. The town of Minken was lately so full of emigrants that it resembled the camp of a wandering tribe; the streets were literally crammed with baggage, and the people waiting for the steamers. It is calculated that 120,000 Germans will emigrate this year. The desire to emigrate has extended to districts in Germany where it was never before left, and, among others, to the rich and fertile Saxon Province of Prussia."

As the barque "Emigrant" sailed into Baltimore Harbor on Monday, May 24, 1847, Franz Hillenbrand collected his meager belongings and reported in a long line of fellow emigrants on the top deck of the ship. He gave his name, age, occupation and city of origin to Captain Anderson for his manifest, before making his way to the gangway. He set foot on American soil at Fells Point, Maryland, with a moderate temperature of 63 degrees awaiting his first breath. Fells Point was founded in 1730 by William Fell, who was attracted by its beautiful, deep water and proximity to agriculture and thick forests, the town became a shipbuilding and commercial center. A growth industry in Fell's Point was immigration, and it became a major point of entry into the United States. Since jobs were plentiful in shipbuilding and in the warehouses and factories, many of the immigrants stayed in Fell's Point. This added to the multicultural fabric of the area, but also caused the more affluent to move into other parts of the city.

Getting assimulated to dry land, Franz made his way to Baltimore & Ohio's Mount Clare Station to board a train to Pottsville, Pennsylvania. The train pulled out of the station and proceeded northward towards the city of Philadelphia. From there, Franz boarded another train on the Philadelphia & Reading line towards the borough of Pottsville, Schuylkill County. Finding himself among a similar emigrant population from Germany, he checked into local hostel, probably with the help of a local German-American society. He would eventually become a member of the German Catholic Church of St. John the Baptist Church. This church was founded in 1841, mostly by German immigrants from the town of Grossenlueder (which is 8 miles north of Franz's hometown of Hosenfeld) and was originally located at Fourth and Howard Streets in Pottsville. Soon, Franz would be employed as a train engineer at the Bull's Head colliery, where he worked for the next five years.

Next installment: Franz meets Magdalena Zernhelt

From Hillenbrand to Hillanbrand

All documentation regarding the spelling of our last name, should start from Hosenfeld, Germany. Our family name was Hillenbrand. All of our distant German cousins are still spelling the name with an "en" in the middle. Franz Hillenbrand spelled his name with an "en" in the middle from the very beginning. His father's name was Nicholas Hillenbrand. The meaning of Hillenbrand is literally translated as "sword of fire". Hill is a German corruption of "Hild" which means battle or sword. Brand is German for fire.

So how did it become Hillanbrand? This is only my conjecture. When one would look at Franz Hillenbrand's early handwriting, the Old German script is noticeable. The script is a little different than today's script. Franz's "en" in the middle, could have been mistaken for an "an" in the middle. To make matters worse, if upon examination at Fell's Point in Baltimore Harbor, to ask a spelling of his name would be definitively deceptive.

If one would ask Franz to spell his name, phonetically, the "en" in the middle would sound like "an" by the German alphabet. The German vowels "a,e,i,o and u" sound like "ah, ay, ee, oh and ewl". But this is only my hypothesis of how we went from Hillenbrand to Hillanbrand. Of course others make aberrations like Hildebrand, Hilldenbrand, etc...

But you can call me Bill. It's much easier.

Why Emigrate To Pottsville, Pennsylvania?

To take a look at any photograph, put your cursor on that particular photograph and left click. This will bring the photograph into a new window. As you can read the photograph of the ship's manifest, written by Captain Cornelius Anderson of the barque "Emigrant", on the second page several passengers including Franz Hillenbrand provide their final destination as Pottsville, Pennsylvania. Why would anyone from the small town of Hosenfeld, Germany want to go to the small town of Pottsville, Pennsylvania? The answer lies in coal.

By 1817, a number of small individual coal mines had been opened in Schuylkill County. By 1822 it was reported that 1488 tons of anthracite had been shipped by canal from the Schuylkill region, and the industry, as a business, had its official beginnings. Development was rapid, and by 1825, the Schuylkill Navigation Company had completed the Schuylkill Canal, which allowed for the transport of anthracite from Pottsville to Philadelphia in barges capable of holding 200 tons. In 1842, the first train by the P. & R. Railroad (Philadelphia & Reading) from Philadelphia made the trip to Pottsville to compete for the coal trade. Trains were able to haul three times as much anthracite than barges.

Thus with an economic boom in Schuylkill County competing for labor, foreign advertisement enticed immigrants to promises of a paycheck and economic freedom. It is quite apparent that Franz Hillenbrand took this gamble. Several members of our extended family emigrated from the Fulda region to end up in Schuylkill County. As Franz Hillenbrand stepped onto the docks at Fells Point in the Baltimore Harbor, a new life beckoned and pulled his destination to Pottsville. Next installment, Franz Hillenbrand's trials and tribulations in the New World.

The Barque "Emigrant"

The picture on the right is the only photograph that I was able to identify as the ship "Emigrant". Though it appears to have seen better days, this photograph was taken at Bristol, England when it ran aground. Franz Hillenbrand boarded this ship (actually called a barque or bark) to emigrate to America. A barque is a three masted square rigged sailing ship that traversed the Atlantic Ocean.


On this particular passage, the Captain of the ship was Cornelius Anderson. The ship was measured at 379 tons. All of the passengers were of German descent. There appears to have been over 200 passengers on this particular trip. That sounds amazing, in that there is precious room onboard. The bottom deck housed ballast, supplies and possessions. The middle deck was the steerage where the passengers were cramped during the journey. The photograph below portrays what the inside of a barque would look like in the mid 1800's. The next installment will be the arrival of Franz Hillenbrand in Baltimore, Maryland.

A reason to leave

I ponder why Franz Hillenbrand would leave this small community of farmers in the year 1847. The political and economic situation was dynamic during this period of Germany's history, with massive emigration to the United States by the intelligentsia. This upheavel became known as the German Revolution. But somehow, I fail to link this phenomenon to the village of Hosenfeld.

The most likely reason, that I was able to research, is that during the year of 1847, there was a famine in the region. No doubt the famine impacted the family hard enough for Franz to leave his occupation as a farmer and start anew in America. According to Hessische Auswanderer (Hessian Emigration), Franz Hillenbrand left with 100 gulden and his possessions.

He traveled to Bremer-haven, which is the port city and emigration gateway to America, situate in north Germany. We don't know if relatives (?) George and Gertrude Hillenbrand of Hosenfeld, who left Germany in 1837, had sent letters back home extolling the virtues of a new life. As Franz neared the port city, he could see the many sails of barques and schooners waiting to take their human cargo to a promising life abroad. Staying overnight in the locality, I wondered if deciding to leave his homeland must have played upon Franz's mind. Was he making the right decision? The future lies ahead, aboard the barque "Emigrant".

Rathaus in Hosenfeld

We left our rental vehicle parked on Kirchberg (Church Hill) and walked from the cemetery onto Schulstrasse (School Street). Since Hosenfeld is a small community (a population of approximately 1,500), it is very easy to walk from one destination to another. The fact of the matter, when I lived in Germany, I found myself walking alot. My waist size can attest to that! The European culture, which I envy, accentuates walking more so than in America.

We strolled past the Kindergarten and arrived at the intersection of Kirchpfad (Church path). To our left stood the Rathaus. Just like any community, the Rathaus is the town hall. Within are the municipal offices serving the community. I figured that perhaps there may be civic records on hand to examine for genealogical purposes.

Kellie and I walked inside with trepidation. With my command of the German language, I will think I'm asking for family names, but instead probably asking, "Do you want fries with that?" We were greeted in the vestibule by a pretty young fraulein by the name of Elisabeth Rutzel. After introducing myself and my wife in German, I asked if she was able to speak English. She said a little bit. So between us, we were able to mix and match the two languages to get our point across.

I told her we were there to do genealogical research. I told her that my great, great, great, grandfather was born in the town in 1822 and emigrated to America in 1847. She asked what my last name was again. I said, "Hillanbrand". She said, "Ah, such a good family name!" Whew! At least I didn't learn that Franz Hillenbrand was a murderer or was kicked out of this decent little town for being a vagrant! She went on to say that there weren't any historical records held within their archives. The only records that she surmised that were available, could perhaps be church records. And they were held in another village. I asked, "Is there another church within Hosenfeld?" She rolled her eyes and said, "We're ALL Catholic here." I laughed thinking how monogenic a small town can be, even over seven hundred years. She probably did too, that's why she rolled her eyes. I guess there's no choice.

We thanked Elisabeth for the information she had given us. She in return gave us a map and information regarding the surrounding area. Although, I didn't find much information regarding the past, I felt as if I did find home.

St. Peter und Paul

We traveled from the homestead toward the center of the village. I wanted to see if there was a local cemetery. Maybe my ancestors were buried there. Cemeteries are where professional genealogists get solid information. So I pretended I was a professional genealogist. I looked around to see if anyone could help us and I found a postal worker on her rounds along a side street. What better person to talk to then a postal worker! They know everything and everybody! The German word for cemetery is "friedhof". So, in my best broken German, I asked, "Wo ist die freidhof? (Where is the cemetery?)" She could tell right away that I was an American. In her best broken English she answered, "You want to see dead people?" Why, yes, I do. She obliged to tell me where to find the cemetery.

German cemeteries are not as useful for genealogical purposes as those in the US. Normally gravesites are leased for 20-25 years, after which they may be renewed or usually revert to the cemetery owner (church or town) and are reused. Some gravesites are sold to a family and used for generations, but even then the site is reused within the family. Gravesites are maintained by the families. Sometimes cemeteries are converted to parks, but retain their cemeterial nature. Well, I can tell you that there were certainly alot of Hillenbrands buried in this cemetery. But all were newer graves. Unfortunately, I couldn't find any old burial plots to help in the family tree. But it was nice to see that the cemetery was well cared and tended.

We then went to the Church of St. Peter and Paul. Built in 1779, this is the only church in town. So no doubt our ancestors were baptised, married and went to funerals within it's walls. It is small on the inside, with a beautiful organ in the rear choir balcony. The organ was probably made by the famous Oestreich family from Oberbimbach, which is two villages north of Hosenfeld. The pulpit rises from the right hand side of the Church and is adorned in green marble. The rest of the Church was rather plain. The clergy was no where to be found, so we were unable to extract church records.

In the next installment - After a tour of the Church grounds, we decided that it would be best to go to the Rathaus (Town Hall) to see if there were any civic records available to examine.

The Homestead

As we meandered through the coniferous woods from Fulda, Germany on Fuldaer Strasse (Fulda Street), my wife and I reveled in being independent on our vacation in a rented automobile. The international driver's license afforded us the opportunity to be autonomous to any itinerary. I rounded the last curve and I observed the yellow town sign for Hosenfeld. As Kellie read the map, she said, "Take the second right. Second street in, Bill, you should see the street sign." There it is!!! Hillenbrandweg (Hillanbrand Road)!!!

I stepped out of the rental vehicle and took a snapshot of the street sign with the disposable digital camera. "What a tourist!", I thought. "What an idiot!", I am sure locals must have surmised at my peculiar actions. Now the hard part. As I climbed back into my seat, I now needed to find the homestead. That's if it existed at all! World War II was a terrible war, which had left Germany deeply scarred. Massive devastation throughout the country meant that historic structures were mostly demolished. My fear was seeing most of the houses were built after the mid-1940s.

The street, I learned, had been named after our family. The Hillenbrand's had a farm on the site. Thereinafter, the farm was subdivided, today there are several houses on the original plot. None of the houses that I saw were pre-1940s except the last house. It was much bigger and nestled along the hillside at a different angle. Here at last was the homestead!

The back of the house had multiple entrances on different floors. It was apparent that it had been updated, however, the basement stone structure was evident. The house was connected to a timber framed barn. Around the front of the house, one can see timber framing. The timbers were freshly painted dark brown and the stucco was brilliant white. The proud owner of the home completes the welcoming look with flower boxes in a few of the windows. The windows themselves were typically out of square for an old house. The barn was still being utilized as a garage.

I had tried to imagine the year 1847 as Nicolaus and Margarita Hillenbrand peered out the rear window of their comfortable home overlooking the hillside. I could almost feel the heartfelt sadness they must have endured as they watched their son, Franz leave this very place for America. Would they ever hear from him again? They would walk to the center of town to St. Peter und Paul Kirche (St. Peter and Paul Church). For generations, the Hillenbrands would come here to pray for their loved ones.

Next installment...St. Peter und Paul

A journey to Hosenfeld

To add to my genealogical website, that you may link from the right hand side, I thought I would add this blog regarding our family. As I collated facts to input into the computer, I also collected stories and memories to treasure in my mind. I hope to pass it along, in writing this blog, to my family.

The stories will come in bits and pieces. Some will be about individuals. Others will be about whole families. If anyone wishes to share stories with me, please do so by commenting.

As I compiled names of family members, I utilized Family Tree Maker software to save all of the information. To date, I have over 3,000 names within my family tree. My intent for this blog, is an exchange of family memories to pass onto successive generations. I do not wish to open skeletons within the family closet (although, I did indeed stumble over a few!), I do believe that information, especially medical family history, is important to share.

As I traveled in Germany, my wife and I rented an automobile and left Fulda for a short trip. Several kilometers away, a sleepy village awaited my exploration of the Hillenbrand (Hillanbrand) homestead. The countryside reminded me of a greener bucolic Pennsylvania. The twists and turns of the roadway were of no consequence, for I had lived in Germany for nearly four years while in the military. I felt at home in the pastoral setting. I WAS home, I thought.

Years have I searched the family lineage and I was about to set eyes on a german home. The home of my ancestor. What would it look like? Are there extended family still there? Why would Franz Hillenbrand leave this beautiful country? I understood during the late 1840's, the German Revolution had taken place, wherein the middle class and intelligentsia emigrated to America. But why would he leave? I rounded the last curve and I observed the yellow town sign for Hosenfeld.

Hosenfeld is a small town indeed. The homes line on two hillsides forming a small valley. Mostly farmland in the surrounding community. As Kellie read the map, she said, "Take the second right. Second street in, Bill, you should see the street sign." There it is!!! Hillenbrandweg (Hillanbrand Road)!!! We're almost home.

Next installment...The Homestead.